@font-face{font-family:Lato;src:url('../fonts/lato-regular.ttf') format('truetype');font-weight:400;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:Lato;src:url('../fonts/lato-bold.ttf') format('truetype');font-weight:700;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:Lato;src:url('../fonts/lato-italic.ttf') format('truetype');font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:Raleway;src:url('../fonts/raleway-variable.ttf') format('truetype');font-weight:100 900;font-display:swap}
/* Shared dimensions. Volume colours live in themes.css. */
:root{--paper:#f7f6f0;--ink:#253538;--muted:#586669;--line:#d6ddda;--page:1024px;--reading:720px;--body-size:1.23rem;--body-leading:1.6;--heading:Raleway,Arial,sans-serif;--body:Lato,Arial,sans-serif}
*{box-sizing:border-box}html{scroll-behavior:smooth;scroll-padding-top:90px}body{margin:0;background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);font-family:var(--body);line-height:1.5}img{max-width:100%;height:auto}a{color:inherit;text-underline-offset:4px}a:hover{color:var(--accent)}button,input{font:inherit}button,a{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}a:focus-visible,button:focus-visible,input:focus-visible,summary:focus-visible{outline:3px solid var(--accent);outline-offset:5px}h1,h2,h3{font-family:var(--heading);line-height:1.12;margin:0;font-weight:700}p{margin:0 0 1em}h1{letter-spacing:-.045em}h2{letter-spacing:-.025em}.eyebrow{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.16em;font-weight:700}.muted{color:var(--muted)}.skip{position:fixed;top:-90px;left:20px;z-index:100;background:white;padding:12px}.skip:focus{top:10px}.shell{max-width:var(--page);margin:auto;padding:0 32px}.site-nav{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:30;background:var(--nav);color:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #ffffff25}.nav-inner{max-width:var(--page);margin:auto;padding:0 26px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:14px;min-height:58px}.nav-brand{font:700 1rem var(--heading);text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap}.nav-brand span{font-weight:400;color:#ffffffae}.nav-links{display:flex;gap:23px;align-items:center;font-size:.85rem}.nav-links a{text-decoration:none;padding:16px 0;color:#fff}.nav-links a:hover{color:#c5dcd4}.nav-count{color:#ffffffa0;font-size:.75rem;white-space:nowrap}.nav-links [aria-current]{border-bottom:2px solid #dce8de}.nav-links .disabled{color:#ffffff65}.cover{max-width:1024px;margin:32px auto 0;background:#fff;box-shadow:0 12px 40px #2134330d}.cover-top{padding:24px 40px 0}.cover-meta{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px;padding-bottom:21px;color:var(--muted);font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase}.masthead{display:block;width:100%;height:auto}.strapline{font-size:.78rem;border-top:1px solid var(--line);margin:20px 0 0;padding:14px 0 20px;color:var(--muted)}.cover-field{position:relative;isolation:isolate;overflow:hidden;min-height:520px;padding:50px 48px 40px;background:var(--gradient);color:#fff;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:space-between}.cover-field:before,.cover-field:after{content:'';position:absolute;pointer-events:none;z-index:-1;border:1px solid #ffffff26;width:600px;height:600px;border-radius:50%;right:-290px;top:-150px}.cover-field:after{right:-160px;top:50px;width:440px;height:440px;background:#ffffff06}.cover-field h1{font-size:clamp(2.8rem,6.5vw,5.3rem);max-width:700px;font-weight:500;line-height:1.02;margin:24px 0}.cover-field h1 em{font-style:normal;font-weight:800}.cover-deck{font-size:1.15rem;max-width:410px;color:#fff;line-height:1.5}.cover-bottom{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:24px;align-items:end;margin-top:34px}.volume-stamp{font:300 5rem/1 var(--heading);letter-spacing:-.08em}.volume-stamp small{display:block;font:700 .66rem/2 var(--body);letter-spacing:.2em;text-transform:uppercase}.button-link{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:30px;border:1px solid currentColor;padding:13px 20px;font-size:.86rem;text-decoration:none;transition:background .15s}.button-link:hover{background:#fff;color:var(--nav)}.button-link.primary{background:var(--accent);color:#fff;border-color:var(--accent)}.cover-lineup{padding:32px 40px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:24px}.cover-lineup a{font-family:var(--heading);font-size:1.1rem;line-height:1.4;text-decoration:none}.cover-lineup small{font-family:var(--body);font-size:.75rem;display:block;margin-bottom:8px;color:var(--muted)}.edition-note{font-size:.78rem;color:var(--muted);margin:24px auto;max-width:1024px;padding:0 32px}.site-footer{max-width:var(--page);margin:48px auto 0;padding:28px 32px 36px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);display:flex;gap:20px;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;color:var(--muted);font-size:.77rem}.site-footer img{width:86px;mix-blend-mode:multiply}.site-footer p{margin:0;max-width:430px}.site-footer a{white-space:nowrap}.page-intro{padding:64px 0 35px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);position:relative}.page-intro:before{content:'';display:block;width:58px;height:5px;background:var(--gradient);margin-bottom:24px}.page-intro h1{font-size:clamp(2.8rem,5vw,4.5rem);margin:12px 0 16px}.page-intro p{max-width:620px;color:var(--muted);font-size:1.1rem}.contents-tools{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:24px;padding:22px 0;font-size:.85rem}.search-box{display:flex;gap:12px;align-items:center}.search-box input{background:#fff;border:1px solid #b2c0ba;border-radius:0;padding:10px 13px;width:270px}.article-list{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}.contents-item{border-top:1px solid var(--line);display:grid;grid-template-columns:58px 1fr 140px;gap:25px;padding:30px 0;align-items:start}.contents-item[hidden]{display:none}.contents-number{font:400 2rem var(--heading);color:var(--accent)}.contents-item h2{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.25;margin:8px 0 12px}.contents-item h2 a{text-decoration:none}.contents-item p{font-size:.93rem;line-height:1.55;color:var(--muted);max-width:620px}.contents-item .byline{font-size:.84rem;color:var(--ink);margin:0}.contents-art{width:140px;height:112px;object-fit:cover}.contents-art.diagram{object-fit:contain;background:#fff}.contents-art.abstract{display:grid;place-items:center;background:var(--gradient);color:#ffffffd9;font:300 2rem var(--heading)}.status{font-size:.68rem;letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);display:block;margin-top:12px}.empty-results{padding:30px 0}.article-heading{padding:60px 0 35px}.article-heading h1{max-width:920px;font-size:clamp(2.1rem,4.5vw,3.5rem);line-height:1.12;margin:18px 0 24px}.article-deck{font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.6;color:var(--muted);max-width:760px}.author-list{display:flex;gap:16px 28px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:28px 0 0}.author-card{display:flex;gap:12px;align-items:center;max-width:300px;font-size:.8rem}.author-card img{width:48px;height:64px;object-fit:cover;flex-shrink:0}.author-card p{margin:0;line-height:1.45}.author-card strong{display:block;font-weight:700}.author-card span{display:block;color:var(--muted);font-size:.73rem;margin-top:3px}.author-card.text-only{border-left:3px solid var(--accent);padding-left:14px;min-height:64px}.article-hero{margin:0 0 38px}.article-hero img{display:block;width:100%;height:360px;object-fit:cover}.article-hero figcaption{font-size:.75rem;color:var(--muted);padding-top:10px}.article-layout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:160px minmax(0,1fr);gap:48px;align-items:start;border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:36px}.article-aside{position:sticky;top:88px;font-size:.78rem;color:var(--muted)}.article-aside details{margin-top:12px}.article-aside summary{cursor:pointer;font-weight:700;color:var(--ink);padding:10px 0}.article-aside a{display:block;margin:13px 0;text-decoration:none;line-height:1.4}.article-aside a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.article-body{font-size:var(--body-size);line-height:var(--body-leading);max-width:var(--reading);min-width:0;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.article-body p{margin:0 0 1.1em}.article-body h2{font-size:1.8rem;margin:2em 0 .75em;color:var(--accent);line-height:1.25}.article-body h2:first-child{margin-top:0}.article-body h3{font-size:1.4rem;margin:1.5em 0 .7em}.article-body ul,.article-body ol{padding-left:1.3em;margin:0 0 1.5em}.article-body li{padding-left:.2em;margin:.45em 0}.article-body a{color:var(--accent)}.article-body figure{margin:2rem 0}.article-body figure img{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;background:#fff}.article-body figcaption{font-size:.82rem;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.5;margin-top:12px}.article-body figcaption a{display:inline-block;margin-top:5px}.references{font-size:.93rem;line-height:1.65;border-top:1px solid var(--line);margin-top:40px;padding-top:10px}.article-body blockquote{margin:2em 0;padding:18px 0 18px 25px;border-left:4px solid var(--accent);font:500 1.65rem/1.4 var(--heading);color:var(--accent)}.article-end{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:30px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);margin-top:50px;padding:25px 0;font-size:.9rem}.article-end a{max-width:48%;text-decoration:none}.article-end small{display:block;font-size:.7rem;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.12em;margin-bottom:8px;color:var(--muted)}.article-end strong{font-family:var(--heading);line-height:1.5}.video-block{background:#e5e9e3;padding:18px}.video-block button{cursor:pointer;border:0;background:var(--accent);color:#fff;padding:12px 20px}.video-block video{width:100%}.edition-picker{max-width:1024px;margin:70px auto;padding:0 32px}.edition-picker h1{font-size:3rem;max-width:700px;margin:30px 0}.edition-picker>p{max-width:600px;color:var(--muted)}.volume-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:28px;margin-top:40px}.volume-tile{background:var(--gradient);color:#fff;padding:32px;min-height:300px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;text-decoration:none}.volume-tile:hover{color:white;filter:brightness(1.08)}.volume-tile h2{font-size:2.5rem;margin:25px 0}.volume-tile p{margin-top:auto}.volume-tile .arrow{font-size:2rem}.diagram-description{font-size:.93rem;background:#fff;padding:16px;border:1px solid var(--line)}.diagram-description summary{cursor:pointer;font-weight:700}.diagram-description p{margin-top:12px}.prototype-label{display:inline-block;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:5px 9px;font-size:.72rem;color:var(--muted)}[hidden]{display:none!important}
@media(max-width:760px){.shell{padding:0 24px}.cover{margin:0}.cover-top{padding:24px 24px 0}.cover-meta{font-size:.62rem}.cover-field{min-height:490px;padding:34px 26px}.cover-lineup{padding:26px;grid-template-columns:1fr}.article-layout{display:block}.article-aside{position:static;margin-bottom:25px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding-bottom:15px}.article-aside details{margin:0}.article-heading{padding-top:38px}.article-hero img{height:260px}.article-body{font-size:1.13rem}.article-body h2{font-size:1.6rem}.nav-inner{padding:0 18px}.nav-links{gap:15px}.nav-brand{font-size:.85rem}.nav-brand span{display:none}.nav-count{display:none}.contents-item{grid-template-columns:38px 1fr;gap:14px}.contents-art{display:none}.contents-item h2{font-size:1.35rem}.contents-tools{align-items:start;flex-direction:column;gap:12px}.search-box{width:100%}.search-box input{width:100%}.site-footer{padding:25px 24px;flex-wrap:wrap}.page-intro{padding-top:38px}.volume-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.edition-picker{margin:40px auto;padding:0 24px}.edition-picker h1{font-size:2.5rem}.volume-stamp{font-size:4rem}.cover-deck{font-size:1rem}.strapline{font-size:.68rem}.author-list{gap:20px}.article-end{gap:20px}}
@media(max-width:390px){.nav-links{gap:10px;font-size:.78rem}.nav-inner{padding:0 12px}.nav-brand{font-size:.77rem}.shell{padding:0 18px}.cover-bottom{align-items:center}.cover-bottom .button-link{gap:15px;padding:12px}.cover-meta{letter-spacing:.02em}.cover-field h1{font-size:2.7rem}}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){html{scroll-behavior:auto}*{transition:none!important}}
@media print{.site-nav,.article-aside,.article-end,.site-footer,.edition-note,.contents-tools{display:none}.article-layout{display:block}.shell{max-width:none;padding:0}.article-body{max-width:none;font-size:11pt;line-height:1.5}.article-heading{padding-top:0}.article-heading h1{font-size:26pt}body{background:white}.article-hero img{height:200px}a{color:inherit}.references{font-size:9pt}}

/* Accessible data tables and source notes used by the continuing article set. */
.article-table{max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin:2em 0 1em}.article-table:focus-visible{outline:3px solid var(--accent);outline-offset:4px}.article-table table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:.9rem;line-height:1.45}.article-table caption{text-align:left;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:12px}.article-table th,.article-table td{border:1px solid var(--line);padding:12px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}.article-table thead{background:var(--nav);color:#fff}.article-table tbody tr:nth-child(even){background:#eaf0eb}.table-note{font-size:.85rem;color:var(--muted)}.article-body sup a{font-size:.75em;text-decoration:none;padding:0 2px}.references li[id]{scroll-margin-top:90px}

@media(max-width:480px){.article-table th,.article-table td{padding:10px 8px}.article-table tr>:first-child{width:28%;min-width:96px;overflow-wrap:normal}}

/* Full-volume reading: long section lists, multilingual text and wide source tables. */
.article-aside{max-height:calc(100vh - 110px);overflow-y:auto;scrollbar-width:thin;padding-right:8px}
.article-body figure img{width:auto;max-width:100%}
.article-body .wide-table table{min-width:640px;table-layout:fixed}
.article-body .wide-table th,.article-body .wide-table td{overflow-wrap:normal;word-break:normal}
.article-body .wide-table td p:last-child,.article-body .wide-table th p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}
.article-body :lang(bn){font-family:"Noto Sans Bengali","Bangla Sangam MN",sans-serif;line-height:1.85}
.article-body .author-biography{border-top:1px solid var(--line);margin-top:2em;padding-top:1.5em;font-size:1rem}
@media(max-width:760px){.article-aside{max-height:none;overflow:visible;padding-right:0}.article-aside details[open]{max-height:250px;overflow-y:auto}}
@media print{.article-table{overflow:visible}.article-body .wide-table table{min-width:0;font-size:8pt}.article-body figure{break-inside:avoid}}

.author-country{font-size:.8rem;color:var(--muted)}
.article-body a{overflow-wrap:anywhere}

/* Author-supplied dual-process figure: live text keeps both pathways readable. */
.becoming-diagram{border:1px solid var(--line);padding:24px;background:#fff}
.becoming-path{position:relative;background:var(--accent);color:#fff;font:700 1.12rem/1.4 var(--heading);padding:20px 48px 20px 20px;clip-path:polygon(0 0,calc(100% - 24px) 0,100% 50%,calc(100% - 24px) 100%,0 100%)}
.becoming-connections{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:24px;padding:24px 0}
.becoming-link{display:flex;gap:12px;align-items:center}
.becoming-link p{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;margin:0}
.becoming-arrow{font-size:3.4rem;line-height:1;color:var(--accent);flex:none}
.becoming-figure .diagram-description{margin-top:16px}
@media(max-width:600px){.becoming-diagram{padding:16px}.becoming-connections{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px;padding:18px 0}.becoming-path{font-size:1rem;padding:16px 36px 16px 16px}.becoming-link p{font-size:.94rem}}

/* Contents credits share the article's author records and original portrait crops. */
.contents-item{grid-template-columns:48px minmax(0,1fr) 230px;gap:24px}
.contents-credits{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:4px 0 0;display:grid;gap:18px;min-width:0}
.contents-author{display:grid;grid-template-columns:48px minmax(0,1fr);gap:12px;align-items:center;font-size:.84rem;line-height:1.4}
.contents-author img{display:block;width:48px;height:64px;object-fit:cover}
.contents-author-name{display:block;font-weight:700;color:var(--ink);overflow-wrap:anywhere}
.contents-country{display:block;margin-top:4px;font-size:.78rem;color:var(--muted)}
.contents-author.text-only{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr);border-left:2px solid var(--accent);padding-left:12px;min-height:48px}
@media(max-width:760px){.contents-item{grid-template-columns:38px minmax(0,1fr);gap:14px}.contents-credits{grid-column:2;margin:0;gap:16px}.contents-summary p{margin-bottom:0}}

/* Full editorial titles on the two-volume opening page. */
.volume-tile h2{font-size:clamp(1.7rem,3vw,2.2rem);line-height:1.18;margin:24px 0}
.volume-tile p{padding-top:8px}

.edition-picker>.strapline{max-width:none;font-size:.78rem}
@media(max-width:760px){.edition-picker>.strapline{font-size:.68rem}}

/* Globe graticule echoes the IASSW identity within the existing cover circles. */
.cover-field:before,.cover-field:after{border:0;background:transparent url('../brand/globe-grid.svg') center/contain no-repeat}
.cover-field:before{display:none}
.cover-field:after{opacity:.18}
.volume-tile{position:relative;isolation:isolate;overflow:hidden}
.volume-tile:before{content:'';position:absolute;z-index:-1;pointer-events:none;width:380px;height:380px;right:-155px;top:5px;background:url('../brand/globe-grid.svg') center/contain no-repeat;opacity:.14}

/* Compact covers with a cropped globe anchored to the lower-right corner. */
.cover-field{min-height:440px;padding:34px 48px 30px}
.cover-field h1{font-size:clamp(2.35rem,4.5vw,3.5rem);margin:18px 0;max-width:840px}
.cover-deck{font-size:1.05rem}
.cover-bottom{margin-top:24px}
.volume-stamp{font-size:4rem}
.cover-field:after{width:560px;height:560px;top:auto;right:-175px;bottom:-105px}
.volume-tile:before{top:auto;right:-120px;bottom:-75px}
@media(max-width:760px){
 .cover-field{min-height:400px;padding:28px 26px 26px}
 .cover-field h1{font-size:clamp(2.1rem,7.5vw,2.65rem);margin:18px 0}
 .cover-deck{font-size:1rem}
 .volume-stamp{font-size:3.5rem}
 .cover-field:after{width:420px;height:420px;right:-130px;bottom:-80px}
}

/* A gently flattened globe echoes the proportions of the IASSW mark. */
.cover-field:after,.volume-tile:before{transform:scaleX(1.18);transform-origin:right center}

.publication-issn{display:block;margin-top:5px;font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.04em}

/* Publisher identity and useful links, with room to wrap on narrow screens. */
.site-footer{display:block}
.footer-publisher{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:20px}
.footer-publisher>a{flex:0 0 86px}
.footer-publisher p{max-width:none}
.footer-publisher p a{white-space:normal}
.footer-links{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px 24px;margin-top:22px;padding-top:18px;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}
.footer-links a{padding:4px 0}
@media(max-width:480px){.footer-publisher{align-items:flex-start;gap:16px}.footer-links{gap:10px 20px}}

/* Executive board portraits in the ALAEITS editorial-responsibility section. */
.article-body .board-panel{margin:1.5em 0;padding:24px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:4px;break-inside:avoid}
.article-body .board-term{margin:0 0 20px;font-size:.88rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--muted)}
.article-body .board-members{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:24px;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}
.article-body .board-member{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px;margin:0;font-size:.94rem;line-height:1.45}
.article-body .board-member img{display:block;flex:0 0 72px;width:72px;height:96px;object-fit:cover}
.article-body .board-member strong,.article-body .board-member span{display:block}
.article-body .board-member span{margin-top:5px;font-size:.84rem;color:var(--muted)}
.article-body .board-member-text{border-left:2px solid var(--accent);padding-left:14px;min-height:96px}
@media(max-width:600px){.article-body .board-panel{padding:18px}.article-body .board-members{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:20px}}

/* Oversized, tilted graticule: the poles extend beyond the colour field. */
.cover-field:after,.volume-tile:before{
 width:auto;height:220%;aspect-ratio:1;top:50%;bottom:auto;
 transform:translateY(-50%) rotate(-16deg) scaleX(1.18);
 transform-origin:center;opacity:.15;
}
.cover-field:after{right:-24%}
.volume-tile:before{height:210%;right:-56%;opacity:.14}
@media(max-width:760px){
 .cover-field:after{right:-100%;height:190%}
 .volume-tile:before{right:-65%;height:210%}
}